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譯文示例2
獨弦琴源流探索（摘錄）
一、源于中國
獨弦琴，這個精巧而又獨特的樂器，是中國、日本、越南三個國家的民族樂器，本是同宗同族，只是叫法不一樣而已。中國古代叫一弦琴、獨弦匏琴、龍首獨弦琴。日本叫一弦琴。越南叫獨弦琴或獨弦匏琴。從有文字記載可追溯到殷代，據《拾遺記》（南朝）載“師延在軒轅之世，為司樂之宮，及殷時，總修三皇五帝之樂。拾一弦琴則地抵皆升。吹玉律則天神俱降。”據《新唐書》載：“獨弦匏琴，以斑竹為之，不加飾，刻木為達首，張弦天輪，以弦系頂。”另載：“復以半的，皆彩畫之，加上銅團，以作為琴，作尷文橫其上，長三尺余，頭曲如拱，長兩寸，以菜系腹穿臣及的木。”從這些古籍的記載可以肯定，“獨弦琴”是中國的樂器。并且知道，殷代叫做“一弦琴”，到了盛唐時，加上半邊匏殼來擴大音量，叫做“獨弦匏琴”。彩繪虺紋橫其上，又叫做“龍首獨弦琴”。《新唐書》還對此樂器的定弦音高和演奏音律作了記載：“它的弦應太簇”“此一弦五音備，閻王一聽以蓄萬邦也。”按古今律制換算，古代的太“簇”音高等于現代的“Ｄ”音。“五音”指的是“宮、商、角、徽、羽”五個調式音。
the origin of monochord
1. Originated from China
Monochord, sole and delicate, is a traditional musical instrument
prevailed in China, Japan and Vietnam. It is originally homologous
but has a varied name in different countries mentioned above. In
ancient China it was called Single-chord（yi-xian-qin）, gourd-shaped
Monochord（du-xian-pao-qin）, or Dragon-head Monochord（long-shou-du-xian-qin）.
And it goes by the name of Single-chord（yi-xian-qin）in Japan all
the time, while the name of Monochord（du-xian-qin）or gourd-shaped
Monochord（du-xian-pao-qin）is popular in Vietnam. Its recorded history
can be traced back to the Shang Dynasty（c. 1600 ~ 1100 BC）. As is
stated in Up for Omissions（shiyi ji ）published in Southern Dynasty（386~589
AD）, “Musician Yan was an official being in charge of the administration
of music affairs in the age of Xuan-yuan, namely Huang Di, the Supreme
Ruler of that ancient China, and by the time of Shang Dynasty some
musical officials were assigned as the chiefs to compile the music
between the periods of Three Legendary Emperors and the Five Legendary
Rulers. …While the wire of Single-chord（yi-xian-qin）being fingered
upon, all Gods of the land would always go up into the sky; while
a kind of pure temperament being played on a bamboo pitch-pipe,
all Gods of the heaven would always go down toward the land.” And
another record goes down in the New History of the Tang Dynasty
that says gourd-shaped Monochord（du-xian-pao-qin）was made up of
mottled bamboo without ornaments, its wood head got carved into
snake-shaped head, and its string stringed on the crown of the head
without peg. The record also says, “in addition, the half of cut
gourd which was decorated with colored drawings and put in the bronze
bowl was manufactured into a musical instrument, namely the Qin.
Decorated with coiling snake pattern, the Qin was long 100 centimeters
or so, its head scrolled as an arch was long 6.66 centimeters, and
its string tied its waist by passing from the head through the bronze
bowl and half cut gourd.”Hence it is sure accordingly that Monochord（du-xian-qin）originated
from ancient China and went by the name of Single-chord（yi-xian-qin）in
the Shang Dynasty, gourd-shaped Monochord（du-xian-pao-qin）after
putting in the half cut gourd to raise volume, and of Dragon-head
Monochord（long-shou-du-xian-qin）after decorated with colored drawing
and coiling snake pattern by the heyday of the Tang Dynasty. Furthermore,
the tuning pitch and temperament of this instrument also went down
in the New History of the Tang Dynasty which states:“its string
responds to the Greater Accumulation（tai-cu）,”and again, “Although
this instrument has one single string, it possesses the five notes
of the Chinese pentatonic scale. Its melody is so beautiful as to
let the Emperor to promote it to all over the world.”Here, I think
it is necessary to explain some special terms. According to the
conversion between antique and modern temperament system, ancient
Greater Accumulation（tai-cu）pitch equals to present key of “D”and
the five notes（wu-yin）indicates five keys of the ancient Chinese
pentatonic scale inclusive of “gong, shang, jue, zhi, yu”.
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